A membrane spanning protein complex that couples the energetically favorable transport of protons across a membrane to the synthesis of ATP.
cardiolipin
A phospholipid containing four hydrocarbon chains.
catalase
An enzyme that decomposes hydrogen peroxide.
chemiosmotic coupling
The generation of ATP from energy stored in a proton gradient across a membrane.
chlorophyll
The major photosynthetic pigment of plant cells.
chloroplast
The organelle responsible for photosynthesis in the cells of plants and green algae.
chromoplast
A plastid that contains carotenoids.
coenzyme Q
A small lipid-soluble molecule that carries electrons between protein complexes in the mitochondrial electron transport chain.
crista
A fold in the inner mitochondrial membrane extending into the matrix.
cyclic electron flow
An electron transport pathway associated with photosystem I that produces ATP without the synthesis of NADPH.
cytochrome bf complex
A protein complex in the thylakoid membrane that carries electrons during photosynthesis.
cytochrome c
A mitochondrial peripheral membrane protein that carries electrons during oxidative phosphorylation.
cytochrome oxidase
A protein complex in the electron transport chain that accepts electrons from cytochrome c and transfers them to O2.
elaioplast
A plastid that stores lipids.
electrochemical gradient
A difference in chemical concentration and electric potential across a membrane.
electron transport chain
A series of carriers through which electrons are transported from a higher to a lower energy state.
endosymbiosis
A symbiotic relationship in which one cell resides within a larger cell.
etioplast
An intermediate stage of chloroplast development in which chlorophyll has not been synthesized.
glyoxylate cycle
The conversion of fatty acids to carbohydrates in plants.
glyoxysome
A peroxisome in which the reactions of the glyoxylate cycle take place.
guidance complex
A protein complex that directs proteins to chloroplasts.
leucoplast
A plastid that stores energy sources in nonphotosynthetic plant tissues.
matrix
The inner mitochondrial space.
matrix processing peptidase (MPP)
The protease that cleaves presequences from proteins imported to the matrix of mitochondria.
mitochondria
Cytoplasmic organelles responsible for synthesis of most of the ATP in eukaryotic cells by oxidative phosphorylation.
NADP reductase
An enzyme that transfers electrons from ferrodoxin to NADP+, yielding NADPH.
oxidative phosphorylation
The synthesis of ATP from ADP coupled to the energetically favorable transfer of electrons to molecular oxygen as the final acceptor in an electron transport chain.
peroxin
A protein present in peroxisomes.
peroxisome
A cytoplasmic organelle specialized for carrying out oxidative reactions.
phospholipid transfer protein
A protein that transports phospholipid molecules between cell membranes.
photocenter
An assembly of photosynthetic pigments in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts.
photorespiration
A process that metabolizes a byproduct of photosynthesis.
photosystem I
A protein complex in the thylakoid membrane that uses energy absorbed from sunlight to synthesize NADPH.
photosystem II
A protein complex in the thylakoid membrane that uses energy absorbed from sunlight to synthesize ATP.
plasmalogen
A phospholipid that has an ether bond and an ester bond.
plastid
Member of a family of plant organelles including chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts, amyloplasts, and elaioplasts.
porin
A member of a class of proteins that cross membranes as β-barrels and form channels in the outer membranes of some bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
presequence
An amino-terminal sequence that targets proteins to mitochondria.
proplastid
A small undifferentiated organelle that can develop into different types of mature plastids.
stroma
The compartment of chloroplasts that lies between the envelope and the thylakoid membrane.
stromal processing peptidase (SPP)
The protease that cleaves transit peptides from proteins imported to the chloroplast stroma.
thylakoid membrane
The innermost membrane of chloroplasts that is the site of electron transport and ATP synthesis.
Tic complex
The protein translocation complex of the chloroplast inner membrane.
Tim complex
The protein translocation complex of the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Toc complex
The protein translocation complex of the chloroplast outer membrane.
Tom complex
The protein translocation complex of the mitochondrial outer membrane.
transit peptide
An N-terminal sequence that targets proteins for import into chloroplasts.
