Principles of Conservation Biology, Third Edition
Martha J. Groom, Gary K. Meffe, and C. Ronald Carroll
2006
699 pages, 369 illustrations
casebound
About This Title
Sample chapter available on the samples page.
Principles of Conservation Biology, Third Edition features a wholly revised organization, emphasizing analyses of different categories of threat and approaches to conservation. Coverage has been expanded to incorporate both terrestrial and marine conservation issues, and efforts in the U.S. and across the globe.
Principles' eighteen chapters introduce the major themes and concepts of this diverse and dynamic field. The biological and social underpinnings of conservation problems and potential solutions are interwoven throughout the text, which is divided into three sections: foundations of the field, threats to biodiversity, and approaches to solving conservation problems. Guest essays and case studies provide a diversity of perspectives and real-world examples that add insight and provoke discussion. The text is richly illustrated, and concludes with an extensive glossary and bibliography.
This book is intended for use in conservation biology courses at the advanced undergraduate and graduate levels, as well as by researchers and practitioners, and assumes a basic background in biology and ecology.
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About the Author(s)
Martha J. Groom is an Associate Professor in the Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences program at the University of Washington, Bothell and the Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle. She teaches conservation biology, ecology, landscape planning and topical courses on science, policy, and society. She has won several teaching awards. Her research focuses on the influences of fragmentation and landscape context on species persistence.
Gary K. Meffe is an Adjunct Professor in the Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation at the University of Florida. He is senior author of Ecosystem Management: Adaptive, Community-Based Conservation, coauthor of Conserving Biodiversity on Military Lands: A Handbook for Natural Resources Managers, and coeditor of Ecology and Evolution of Livebearing Fishes. Since 1997 he has served as Editor of the international journal Conservation Biology.
C. Ronald Carroll is the former Director of the Institute of Ecology at the University of Georgia and currently the Director for Science in the River Basin Science and Policy Center at the University of Georgia. He is the series editor for the newly initiated Southern Environment Series of the UGA Press. He teaches conservation ecology and conducts research on invasive species in the southeastern United States. He is also engaged in a large conservation and sustainable development project in Ecuador known as the Chocó-Andean Corridor Project. The project is located in northwestern Ecuador and embraces two globally significant hotspots of biological diversity, the Chocó and the Western Andean slopes.
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Reviews and Commentary
“The preface also calls attention to the multiple voices that are represented by the many diverse contributors to the volume. These voices blend together incredibly well, and although they speak to different topics, they combine to produce an integrated whole. The result is more than an outstanding textbook for advanced undergraduates and beginning graduate students. It is also a state-of-the-art reference for anyone seeking an authoritative introduction to the weighty subject of conservation biology.”
—Karen B. Strier, The Quarterly Review of Biology
“I would like to recommend this book not only to teachers of conservation or their students, but also to other biologists, ecologists, and of course to people responsible for developing political instruments that accompany the ecological view on biodiversity conservation.”
—Folia Geobotanica
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Table of Contents
1. What Is Conservation Biology?
Gary K. Meffe, C. Ronald Carroll, and Martha J. Groom
- Expanding Human Demands on Earth
- Responding to Global Change: The Field of Conservation Biology
- A Brief History of Conservation Biology
- ESSAY 1.1 A Perspective on the Role of Academia in Conservation Biology
- Conservation in the United States
- Modern conservation biology: A synthesis
- ESSAY 1.2 Working with U.S. Government Agencies in Biodiversity Conservation
- Guiding Principles for Conservation Biology
- ESSAY 1.3 The role of science in defining conservation priorities for nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
- Some postulates of conservation biology
- Pervasive Aspects of Conservation Biology Efforts
- A discipline responding to an immense crisis
- A multidisciplinary science
- ESSAY 1.4 A Private Landowner’s Perspective: Conservation biology and the rural landowner
- An inexact science
- A value-laden science
- BOX 1.1 Wingspread Statement on the Precautionary Principle
- A science with an evolutionary time scale
- A science of eternal vigilance
- A Final Word
- Summary
- Questions for Discussion
2. Global Biodiversity: Patterns and Processes
Gordon H. Orians and Martha J. Groom
- What Is Biodiversity and Why Is it Important?
- ESSAY 2.1 Hierarchical Indicators for Monitoring Changes in Biodiversity
- Components of Biodiversity
- Genetic diversity
- Population-level diversity
- Human cultural diversity
- Diversity of species
- ESSAY 2.2 The Importance of Indigenous Knowledge Systems
- How Many Species Are There?
- Diversity of Higher Taxa
- Diversity of Biological Communities
- Ecosystem and Biome Diversity, and the World’s Ecoregions
- Species Richness over Geological Time
- Rates of species formation
- Rates of extinction
- Current patterns of species richness
- Patterns of Endemism
- BOX 2.1 The Importance of b-Diversity
- Latitudinal Gradients in Species Richness
- Species Richness–Energy Relationships
- Disturbance and Species Richness
- Interactions between local and regional species richness
- The importance of biodiversity
- BOX 2.2 The Ecology and Management of Crop Pollination Services
- The Future of Biodiversity Studies
- ESSAY 2.3 Rapid Inventories for Conservation
- Summary
- Questions for Discussion
3. Threats to Biodiversity
Martha J. Groom
- Major Threats to Biodiversity and Their Interaction
- ESSAY 3.1 Killer Whales as Sentinels of Global Pollution
- ESSAY 3.2 Infectious Disease and the Conservation of Biodiversity
- Anthropogenic Extinctions and Their Community and Ecosystem Impacts
- Indirect impacts of extinctions on animal and plant communities
- BOX 3.1 Cascade Effects Resulting from Loss of a Critical Species or Taxon, or from Species Introductions
- Current Patterns of Global Endangerment
- Globally threatened species
- BOX 3.2 The IUCN Red List System
- Globally threatened processes
- ESSAY 3.3 An Endangered Biological Phenomenon
- Where are species most at risk worldwide?
- Endangered species in the United States
- Threatened species in other countries
- BOX 3.3 Have We Set in Motion the Sixth Mass Extinction Event?
- What Types of Species Are Most Vulnerable to Extinction?
- Species vulnerability due to specialization
- Vulnerability of rare species
- “Bad luck”: Extrinsic causes of extinction due to human activities
- Economic and social contexts of endangerment
- Responses to the Biodiversity Crisis
- CASE STUDY 3.1 Enigmatic Declines and Disappearances of Amphibian Populations
- CASE STUDY 3.2 Hope for a Hotspot
- CASE STUDY 3.3 Key International and U.S. Laws Governing Management and Conservation of Biodiversity
- Summary
- Questions for Discussion
4. Conservation Values and Ethics
J. Baird Callicott
- The Value of Biodiversity
- Instrumental value
- Intrinsic value
- Monetizing the Value of Biodiversity
- ESSAY 4.1 Our Duties to Endangered Species
- Conservation Ethics
- Anthropocentrism
- The Judeo–Christian stewardship conservation ethic
- Traditional non-Western environmental ethics
- Biocentrism
- ESSAY 4.2 Monks, Temples, and Trees: The spirit of diversity
- Ecocentrism
- ESSAY 4.3 The Importance of Value Systems in Management: Considerations in Desert Fish Management
- CASE STUDY 4.1 Cypress Forest Conservation on Taiwan: A Question of Value
- Summary
- Questions for Discussion
5. Ecological Economics and Nature Conservation
Gareth Edwards-Jones
- Why Do We Need Ecological Economics?
- ESSAY 5.1 Steady-State Economics
- Cost–Benefit Analysis and its Application to Conservation
- ESSAY 5.2 Valuation Of Ecological Systems
- Project definition
- Classification of impacts
- Conversion into monetary terms
- What Kind of Values Does Biodiversity Have?
- Converting Biodiversity’s Value into Monetary Terms
- Conventional market approaches
- Implicit market techniques
- Hypothetical market
- Examples of monetary values placed on biodiversity
- BOX 5.1 Estimating the Total Economic Value of Sinharaja Rain Forest, Sri Lanka
- Controversy surrounding the use of CVM
- Project Assessment in CBA
- ESSAY 5.3 A Non-Economic View of the Value of Biodiversity
- Net present value (NPV)
- Sensitivity analysis
- Objections to CBA
- How can we best use CBA in conservation?
- Alternative Decision-Making Methods for the Environment
- Environmental impact assessment
- Risk assessment and management
- Adding nonsubstitutability to CBA
- CASE STUDY 5.1 The Costs of Biodiversity Conservation: The Case of Uganda
- CASE STUDY 5.2 Costs and Benefits of Restoration of Post-Industrial Landscapes
- Summary
- Questions for Discussion
6. Habitat Degradation and Loss
Martha J. Groom and Carly H. Vynne
- What Constitutes Habitat Degradation and When Is Habitat “Lost”?
- Patterns of Habitat Transformation on Land and In the Sea
- Forest systems and deforestation patterns
- Loss of and damage to grassland, savanna, and shrubland habitats
- Degradation of freshwater systems
- Degradation of marine ecosystems
- Human Activities That Cause Habitat Degradation
- Agriculture
- Extractive activities
- ESSAY 6.1 Scraping Bottom: The Impact of Fishing on Seafloor HAbitats
- Urbanization and infrastructure development
- War and violent conflict
- Pollution as a Form of Habitat Degradation
- Light pollution
- Air pollution and acid rain
- ESSAY 6.2 Forest Ozone Injury: How Physiology and climate play a role
- Solid waste and plastics
- Chemical pollution
- Habitat degradation due to excessive nitrogen inputs
- Eutrophication
- ESSAY 6.3 Endocrine Disrupting Contaminants, Conservation, and the Future
- Protecting What’s Left: Approaches to Global Habitat Conservation
- Biodiversity hotspots
- The “Global 200” ecoregions
- Crisis ecoregions
- Wilderness protection
- Other habitat conservation priority-setting approaches
- Conservation of Habitats: The How
- ESSAY 6.4 Debt-for-Nature Swaps
- CASE STUDY 6.1 The Importance of Land Use History to Conservation Biology
- CASE STUDY 6.2 Promoting Wildlife Conservation in Agricultural Landscapes
- Summary
- Questions for Discussion
7. Habitat Fragmentation
Reed Noss, Blair Csuti, and Martha J. Groom
- ESSAY 7.1 Habitat “Shredding”
- Fragmentation and Heterogeneity
- ESSAY 7.2 Mosaics and Patch Dynamics
- The Fragmentation Process
- BOX 7.1 Quantifying Landscape Pattern and Fragmentation
- Biological Consequences of Fragmentation
- Initial exclusion
- Crowding effect
- Insularization and area effects
- Isolation
- Edge effects
- Matrix effects
- The special problem of roads
- Species invasions
- Effects on ecological processes
- Nested Species Distribution Patterns
- Species Vulnerable to Fragmentation
- Fragmentation versus Habitat Loss, and Regional Differences
- BOX 7.2 Species Vulnerable to Fragmentation
- The Problem of Climate Change
- Conclusions and Recommendations
- CASE STUDY 7.1 Subdividing the West
- CASE STUDY 7.2 The Fragmentation of Aquatic Ecosystems and the Alteration of Hydrologic Connectivity: Neglected dimensions of conservation ecology
- CASE STUDY 7.3 Dissecting Nature: The Islands of Lago Guri
- Summary
- Questions for Discussion
8. Overexploitation
John D. Reynolds and Carlos A. Peres
- History of, and Motivations for, Exploitation
- Impacts of Exploitation on Target Species
- Tropical terrestrial ecosystems
- ESSAY 8.1 East African Blackwood Exploitation
- Temperate terrestrial ecosystems
- Aquatic ecosystems
- Impacts of Exploitation on Nontarget Species and Ecosystems
- Tropical terrestrial ecosystems
- Temperate ecosystems
- Aquatic ecosystems
- Biological Theory of Sustainable Exploitation
- Stability of exploitation
- Constant quota exploitation
- Proportional (constant effort) exploitation
- Threshold exploitation
- Bioeconomics
- Open access and the tragedy of the commons
- ESSAY 8.2 Using Economic Analysis to Bolster Conservation Efforts: Marine Aquaria and Coral Reefs
- Discounting
- Comparison of Methods for Calculating Sustainable Yields
- Surplus production
- Yield per recruit
- Full demography
- Adjustments based on recent results
- Demographic rules of thumb
- BOX 8.1 Adjustments of Quotas for the Marten (Martes americana) According to Previous Results
- Spatial and temporal comparisons
- Sustainable Use Meets Biodiversity
- CASE STUDY 8.1 Overexploitation of Highly Vulnerable Species: Rational Management and Restoration of Sharks
- CASE STUDY 8.2 The Bushmeat Crisis: Approaches for conservation
- CASE STUDY 8.3 Managing Natural Tropical Forests for Timber: Experiences, challenges, and opportunities
- Summary
- Questions for Discussion
9. Species Invasions
Marjorie Wonham
- What Are the Conservation Implications of Introduced Species?
- What Are the Impacts of Invasions?
- Population and community impacts
- ESSAY 9.1 Maintaining An Open Mind on Nonnative Species
- Morphological and behavioral impacts
- Genetic and evolutionary impacts
- Ecosystem impacts
- Measuring invader impacts
- BOX 9.1 Understanding the Impacts of Nonnative Species
- What Factors Determine Whether a Nonnative Species Becomes Invasive?
- Propagule pressure
- ESSAY 9.2 Global Exchange
- Invading species characteristics
- Invaded community characteristics
- How Are Species Introduced?
- Unintentional pathways
- Intentional pathways
- How Do We Manage Species Invasions?
- Invasion control
- Species-based control
- BOX 9.2 Using Models to Improve Control of Introduced Rabbits in Australia?
- Invasion prevention
- CASE STUDY 9.1Invaders in an Invasible Land: The case of the north american beaver (Castor canadensis) in the Tierra del fuego–cape horn region of south america
- CASE STUDY 9.2Tracking Aquatic Invasive Species
- CASE STUDY 9.3When A Beauty Turns Beast
- CASE STUDY 9.4Biological Control as a Conservation Tool
- Summary
- Questions for Discussion
10. Biological Impacts of Climate Change
Camille Parmesan and John Matthews
- The Nature of Climate Change
- Climate change through the ages
- Human enhancement of the greenhouse effect
- Mechanisms regulating the global energy budget
- Current and Future Climate Change
- Temperature and precipitation changes
- Oceans: Change in sea level and circulation
- Predicted Biological Impacts
- Responses to extreme weather
- Observed Biological Impacts of Climate Change
- Detection and attribution
- Evolutionary and morphological changes
- Phenological shifts
- Abundance changes and community reassembly
- Range shifts
- Sea level rise
- Direct effects of carbon dioxide
- Ecosystem process changes
- The global picture: A synthesis of biological impacts
- Conservation Implications of Climate Change
- Extinctions
- Responses to climate change by resource managers
- Climate change and conservation policy
- Responses to climate change at national and international levels
- The role of government in climate change policy
- Major themes in climate change negotiations
- The future of climate change policy
- CASE STUDY 10.1 Challenges to Predicting Indirect Effects of Climate Change
- CASE STUDY 10.2 Climate Change, Extinction, and the Uncertain Future of a Neotropical Cloud Forest Community
- CASE STUDY 10.3 Adapting Coastal Lowlands to Rising Seas
- CASE STUDY 10.4 Climate Change and Coastal Migrant Birds
- Summary
- Questions for Discussion
11. Conservation Genetics: The Use and Importance of Genetic Information
Kim T. Scribner, Gary K. Meffe, and Martha J. Groom
- Genetic Variation: What Is It and Why Is It Important?
- Variation within individuals
- BOX 11.1 Measures of Genetic Diversity
- Variation among individuals
- Variation among populations
- Variation at the level of metapopulations
- Why Is Genetic Diversity Important?
- Forces that Affect Genetic Variation within Populations
- The genetically effective population size (Ne)
- ESSAY 11.1 Coadaptation, Local Adaptation, and Outbreeding Depression
- Mutation
- Genetic drift
- BOX 11.2 Estimation of Effective Population Size
- Gene flow
- Inbreeding depression
- Outbreeding depression
- Natural selection
- Using Conservation Genetics to Inform Management
- Identifying and Prioritizing Groups for Conservation
- ESSAY 11.2 A Rose Is a Rose Is a Rose
- BOX 11.3 Calculation of F-Statistics
- Genetic Information and Design and Implementation of Breeding Strategies
- Use of pedigrees
- Estimation of degree of relatedness without knowledge of pedigree relationships
- Analyses of Parentage and Systems of Mating
- Forensics and Species or Population Identification
- Individual Identification and Estimation of Population size
- Understanding Effects of Population Exploitation on Levels of Genetic Diversity
- Limitations of Using Genetics in Conservation Planning
- CASE STUDY 11.1Genetics And Demography of Grizzly Bear Populations
- CASE STUDY 11.2Using Genetic Analyses to Guide Management of Pacific Salmonids
- CASE STUDY 11.3Scat: Singing the Wildlife Conservation Blues
- Summary
- Questions for Discussion
12. Species and Landscape Approaches to Conservation
John B. Dunning Jr., Martha J. Groom, and H. Ronald Pulliam
- Populations and How They Change
- Mechanisms of population regulation
- Special problems of very small populations
- Source–sink concepts and their application to conservation
- Metapopulation concepts, threshold responses, and conservation
- ESSAY 12.1 Metapopulations, Extinction Thresholds, and Conservation
- Modeling Approaches for Prediction and Conservation Planning
- Population viability analysis
- The value of hierarchical analysis for understanding population change
- ESSAY 12.2 Population Viability Analysis and Conservation Decision Making
- ESSAY 12.3 Ecologically Functional Populations
- Landscape models for conservation
- Spatially explicit population models
- Challenges and Opportunities of Conservation at the Landscape Scale
- ESSAY 12.4 Landscape-Level Conservation for the Sea
- CASE STUDY 12.1Assessing Extinction Risk in Neotropical Migratory Songbirds: The need for landscape-Based Demographic models
- CASE STUDY 12.2Landscape Conservation in the Greater Madidi Landscape, Bolivia: Planning for wildlife across different scales and jurisdictions
- CASE STUDY 12.3Putting the Pieces Together: Preserving cranes and their habitats around the world
- Summary
- Questions for Discussion
13. Ecosystem Approaches to Conservation: Responses to a Complex World
Gary K. Meffe, Martha J. Groom, and C. Ronald Carroll
- Key Elements of an Ecosystem Approach
- Examples of ecosystem approaches
- Ecosystem management
- Using ecosystem approaches to meet the goals of the Convention on Biological Diversity
- Biophysical Ecosystems as Appropriate Management Units
- ESSAY 13.1 Marine Ecosystem-Based Management: Transforming U.S. Ocean Policy
- Understanding Ecosystem Dynamics and Resilience
- Adaptive Management: Preparing for Change in Conservation Practice
- Analytic approaches used in adaptive management
- Should Ecosystem Approaches Mimic Natural Processes?
- The Critical Role of Participatory Decision-Making Processes
- BOX 13.1 Using Fire as a Natural Process in Ecosystem Management
- BOX 13.2 Natural Community Conservation Planning
- Future Directions in Ecosystem-Based Conservation
- CASE STUDY 13.1 Ecosystem Management on “People’s Land” in the United States
- CASE STUDY 13.2 Coral Bleaching: Managing for Resilience in a changing world
- CASE STUDY 13.3 Large-Scale Ecosystem Management: The chesapeake bay
- CASE STUDY 13.4 The Everglades: Trials in ecosystem management
- Summary
- Questions for Discussion
14. Protected Areas: Goals, Limitations, and Design
Hugh P. Possingham, Kerrie A. Wilson, Sandy J. Andelman, and Carly H. Vynne
- The Current State of Protected Areas
- Types of Protected Areas
- BOX 14.1 Convention on Biological Diversity
- Strict nature reserves and wilderness areas (Category I)
- National parks (Category II)
- Natural monuments (Category III)
- Habitat/species management area (Category IV)
- Protected landscape/seascape (Category V)
- Managed resource protected area (Category VI)
- Biosphere Reserves, Ramsar Wetlands, and World Heritage Sites
- Strict protection versus multiple use
- Management Effectiveness of Protected Areas
- ESSAY 14.1 Constant Vigilance: Maintaining a fish preserve in the arid southwestern united states
- The Need for Reserve Systems
- ESSAY 14.2 Gap Analysis: a spatial tool for conservation biology
- Approaches to Planning Reserve Systems
- Systematic conservation planning
- The use of surrogates for reserve system planning
- Tools for systematic conservation planning
- BOX 14.2 Formulation of the Conservation Planning Problem for Designing Reserve Systems
- Designing a reserve system for the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa
- Confronting Threats in Protected Areas
- Conservation objectives and persistence
- Dynamics and uncertainty
- Complex economic considerations
- Incorporating Social and Cultural Contexts
- CASE STUDY 14.1 Conservation Management of a European Natural Area: DoÑana National park, spain
- CASE STUDY 14.2 The California Channel Islands Marine Reserves: Scientists Informing Policy and Management
- CASE STUDY 14.3 Reconciling Theory and Practice in Designing a Regional Reserve System
- Summary
- Questions for Discussion
15. Restoration of Damaged Ecosystems and Endangered Populations
Peggy L. Fiedler and Martha J. Groom
- Ecological Restoration
- Role of restoration ecology in conservation
- Steps in designing and implementing ecological restorations
- ESSAY 15.1 The Harpy Eagle Conservation Program: research, conservation, and community-based education to save the national bird of panama
- ESSAY 15.2 Achieving Success in Mine Reclamation: An example from semiarid lands in western australia
- Restoration challenges
- Animal Reintroduction
- Restoration in Marine Environments
- BOX 15.1 Genetic Considerations in Reintroduction
- Environmental Regulations that Drive Restoration Practice
- Regulations in the United States
- International regulations
- BOX 15.2 Other Pertinent U.S. Legislation Requiring Restoration Activities
- Concluding Thoughts
- CASE STUDY 15.1 Restoring the Nation’s Wetlands: Why, where, and How?
- CASE STUDY 15.2 Temperate Riverine Ecosystem Restoration: The north creek floodplain
- CASE STUDY 15.3 From Kenya to Costa Rica: Solutions for restoring tropical forests
- CASE STUDY 15.4 Restoration of an Endangered Species: The black-footed ferret
- CASE STUDY 15.5 In the Eye of the Hurricane: efforts to save the puerto rican parrot
- Summary
- Questions for Discussion
16. Sustainable Development
C. Ronald Carroll and Martha J. Groom
- What Is Sustainable Development?
- Sustainable “growth” is not equivalent to sustainable “development”
- How are sustainable development projects structured?
- How Successful Are Sustainable Development Projects at Conserving Biodiversity?
- How Can We Best Promote Sustainability?
- CASE STUDY 16.1 Ecotourism and Biodiversity Conservation
- CASE STUDY 16.2 The Chocó-Andean Corridor: sustaining livelihoods and protecting biodiversity
- CASE STUDY 16.3 Certification and the Collins–Almanor Forest
- CASE STUDY 16.4 Community Empowerment and Food Security: lessons from zimbabwe’s communal management programme for indigenous resources (CAMPFIRE)
- CASE STUDY 16.5 Sea Turtle Conservation and the Yolngu People of North East Arnhem Land, Australia
- Summary
- Questions for Discussion
17. The Integration of Conservation Science and Policy: The Pursuit of Knowledge Meets the Use of Knowledge
Deborah M. Brosnan and Martha J. Groom
- The Need for Translational Scientists at the Interface of Science and Policy
- The Interface between the Pursuit and Use of Scientific Knowledge in Conservation
- Policy-relevant science is different from ecologically relevant science
- Policy involves a diversity of professions
- Knowing others’ concerns, constraints, and opportunities
- Constraints and opportunities for conservationists
- Necessary roles as experts and advocates for science
- Conservation science can influence conservation policy decision
- Scientists are not value free
- Policymakers and the public respond to scientific information differently
- What Is Conservation Policy?
- Who Makes Conservation Policy? Breaking the Science–Policy Barrier
- The best available science: Quality and quantity of scientific information for conservation decisions
- Scientific uncertainty and risks
- ESSAY 17.1 Conservation Science and Policy in the Real World: The headwaters agreement
- Dealing with Uncertainty and Risk through Adaptive Management
- ESSAY 17.2 Collaborating for Conservation: using decision analysis to mange “Facts” and “Values” in Conservation disputes
- ESSAY 17.3 A policy portfolio approach to biodiversity protection on private lands
- Being a Conservation Scientist in the Real World
- Working with the policy process
- Contributing to conservation policy as a conservation scientist
- CASE STUDY 17.1 Should the Southern Resident Population of Orcas Be Listed as Threatened or Endangered?: A scientific, Legal, or policy decision?
- CASE STUDY 17.2 Elephant Conservation in Sri Lanka: Integrating scientific information to guide policy
- CASE STUDY 17.3 Management of Spotted Owls: The integration of science, policy, politics, and litigation
- Summary
- Questions for Discussion
18. Meeting Conservation Challenges in the Twenty-First Century
Martha J. Groom, C. Ronald Carroll, and Gary K. Meffe
- Countering the Impacts on Biodiversity from Poverty in Many Countries and Over-Consumption in a Few Countries
- Working with Uncertainty in Ecological, Social, Economic, and Political Systems
- Indicators needed to describe trends and guide policy
- ESSAY 18.1 Conservation Biology in the Twenty-First Century
- Research approaches needed to inform decision-making
- ESSAY 18.2 Indicators: It matters what we measure
- How do we overcome uncertainties that hinder decision-making?
- Responding to intensification of threats
- Are Conservation Efforts Succeeding and How Can We Improve?
- Enhancing conservation under the U.S. Endangered Species Act
- Limited implementation and funding of conservation programs globally
- Will we meet the 2010 goals of the Convention for Biological Diversity?
- Improving assessment of conservation efforts
- BOX 18.1 Prospects for Achieving the 2010 Goals of the Convention for Biological Diversity
- Influencing People’s Habits: Reducing Destructive Impacts
- Making sustainable choices more attractive
- ESSAY 18.3 The Importance of Public Education for Biological Conservation
- Encouraging conservation through incentives
- Fostering sustainable use
- ESSAY 18.4 Countryside Biogeography
- Our Decisions Will Determine the Fate of Biodiversity
- CASE STUDY 18.1 The Nature Conservancy’s Approach to Measuring Biodiversity Status and the Effectiveness of Conservation Strategies
- CASE STUDY 18.2 Sustainable Urbanization and Biodiversity
- Summary
- Questions for Discussion
Glossary
Bibliography
Index
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Media and Supplements
Companion Website
The Principles of Conservation Biology, Third Edition companion website, available at www.sinauer.com/groom, contains a variety of study materials and supplemental resources to accompany the textbook. Study questions, suggested readings, and Web links for each chapter help the student to master the material presented in the textbook and provide direction for further study. In addition, essays, case studies and boxes expand on the book’s coverage of selected topics.
Instructor’s Resource CD (ISBN 0-87893-295-X)
Sample images available on the samples page.
Available to qualified adopters, the Third Edition Instructor’s Resource CD contains all of the illustrations and tables from the textbook, for use in lecture presentations and other course documents. All figures are provided as JPEG files and are also included in ready-to-use PowerPoint® presentations. In addition, the IRCD includes a set of suggested exercises for instructors to use with their classes.
*** If you have adopted this text for course use (within the U.S., Canada, or the Caribbean) and are interested in the Instructor's Resource CD, please contact Nancy Asai at asai@sinauer.com. Outside of the U.S., Canada, or the Caribbean? Check our ordering page for your local distributor. ***
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