Psychopharmacology: Drugs, the Brain, and Behavior

Jerrold S. Meyer, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and Linda F. Quenzer, University of Hartford

2005
555 pages, 410 illustrations
casebound

About This Title

Visit the sample page for a complete sample chapter.

Recent advances in molecular pharmacology and brain imaging have revolutionized our understanding of how psychoactive drugs work. Now, from the authors of Principles of Neuropsychopharmacology, comes a new undergraduate textbook integrating these developments. The first section of the book provides extensive foundation materials, including the basic principles of pharmacology, neurophysiology and neuroanatomy, synaptic transmission, and methods in psychopharmacology. The second section describes key features of major neurotransmitter systems, including the catecholamines, serotonin, acetylcholine, glutamate and GABA. The third and fourth sections discuss theories and mechanisms of drug addiction and psychopathology. All major substances of abuse as well as drugs used to treat mental illness are covered.

Psychopharmacology: Drugs, the Brain and Behavior is unique in its breadth of coverage, ranging from historical accounts of drug use to clinical and preclinical behavioral studies to the latest research on drug effects in transgenic mouse models. Student engagement with the material is fostered by opening each chapter with a relevant vignette and by providing breakout boxes presenting novel or cutting-edge topics for special discussion. The book is extensively illustrated with full-color photographs and line art depicting important concepts and experimental data. Psychopharmacology: Drugs, the Brain and Behavior is appropriate for undergraduate psychopharmacology or drugs and behavior courses that emphasize relationships between the behavioral effects of psychoactive drugs and their mechanisms of action.

About the Author(s)

Jerrold S. Meyer is Professor of Psychology and Director of the interdepartmental Neuroscience and Behavior Program at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. He did his graduate work under Dr. Robert Bowman at the University of Wisconsin, receiving his Ph.D. in 1974, and he was a postdoctoral fellow with Dr. Bruce McEwen at Rockefeller University and with Dr. William Boggan at the Medical University of South Carolina. He is the author or coauthor of over 75 articles and chapters in the fields of neuropharmacology and neuroendocrinology, and coauthored Principles of Neuropsychopharmacology (1997) with Robert Feldman and Linda Quenzer. Dr. Meyer is a past President of the Neurobehavioral Teratology Society, an international society devoted to the study of neurotoxicant effects on brain and behavioral development. His current research, funded by the National Institutes of Health, focuses on the neurotoxic and behavioral effects of MDMA ("Ecstasy"), and the neurochemical and neuroendocrine correlates of self-injurious behavior.

Linda F. Quenzer is Adjunct Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience at the University of Hartford. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, in 1974 with Dr. Robert S. Feldman and she was an NIMH postdoctoral fellow in the Laboratory of Preclinical Pharmacology with Dr. Norton Neff. During her appointment in the Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry at the University of Connecticut Medical School, she received a Career Development Award from the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association Foundation. Dr. Quenzer has extensive teaching experience in the areas of psychobiology and neuropsychopharmacology at the undergraduate, graduate, and postgraduate levels. Her previous collaborations with Sinauer Associates include Fundamentals of Neuropsychopharmacology (1984, with Robert Feldman) and Principles of Neuropsychopharmacology (1997, with Robert Feldman and Jerrold Meyer). Her current interests concern the role of the HPA axis, hippocampal atrophy, and neurogenesis in psychiatric disorders.

Reviews and Commentary

“This volume provides a good balance across all the areas of psychopharmacology and is an excellent guide for students in psychology, pharmacology, and neuroscience. … It is well written and easy to understand; the diagrams and tables are also well done. Moreover, the book provides students with additional outside reading sources. The CD-ROM for instructors is very useful and presents PowerPoint lectures for each chapter, as well as a test bank for student evaluation. Overall, this book is well worth the price.”
—John A. Rosecrans, The Quarterly Review of Biology

“The authors . . . cover the important topics with great clarity, and the reader will find all the subjects accessible. . . . A particular delight is that the book is sumptuously illustrated—many of the illustrations are eye-catching and attention-grabbing. . . . I highly recommend this book to anyone who wishes to learn about psychopharmacology.”
—Allan Hunter Young, The New England Journal of Medicine

“For over 30 years I have been teaching about this engaging subject (‘non-medical drug use,’ not ‘drug abuse’). This is certainly the best, most clearly written, and by far the most interesting book that I have seen in this area.”
—Oliver M. Brown, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University

1. Principles of Pharmacology

Pharmacology: The Science of Drug Action
Pharmacokinetic Factors Determining Drug Action

Methods of drug administration influence the onset of drug action
Multiple factors modify drug absorption
Drug distribution is limited by selective barriers
Depot binding alters the magnitude and duration of drug action
Biotransformation and elimination of drugs contributes to bioavailability

Section Summary
Pharmacodynamics: Drug–Receptor Interactions

Extracellular and intracellular receptors have several common features
Dose–response curves describe receptor activity
The therapeutic index calculates drug safety
Receptor antagonists compete with agonists for binding sites

Biobehavioral Effects of Chronic Drug Use

Repeated drug exposure can cause tolerance
Chronic drug use can cause sensitization

Section Summary
Recommended Readings
BOX 1.1. Pharmacology in Action: Herbal Medicine—Panacea or Hazard?
BOX 1.2. Pharmacology in Action: Naming Drugs
BOX 1.3. Pharmacology in Action: Drug Categories

2. Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Cells of the Nervous System

Neurons have three major external features
Characteristics of the cell membrane are critical for neuron function
Glial cells provide vital support for neurons

Section Summary
Electrical Transmission within a Neuron

Ion distribution is responsible for the cell’s resting potential
Local potentials are small, transient changes in membrane potential
Sufficient depolarization at the axon hillock opens voltage-gated Na⁺ channels, producing an action potential
Drugs and poisons alter axon conduction

Section Summary
Organization of the Nervous System

The nervous system comprises the central and peripheral divisions
CNS functioning is dependent on structural features
The CNS has six distinct regions reflecting embryological development
The cerebral cortex is divided into four lobes, each having primary, secondary, and tertiary areas

Section Summary
Recommended Readings
BOX 2.1. Clinical Applications: Epilepsy
BOX 2.2. The Cutting Edge: Finding Your Way in the Nervous System

3. Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Chemical Signaling between Nerve Cells
Neurotransmitter Synthesis, Release, and Inactivation

Neurotransmitters encompass several different kinds of chemical substances
Classical transmitters and neuropeptides are synthesized by different mechanisms
Chemicals that don’t act like typical neurotransmitters are sometimes called neuromodulators
Neurotransmitter release involves the exocytosis and recycling of synaptic vesicles
Several mechanisms control the rate of neurotransmitter release by nerve cells
Neurotransmitters are inactivated by reuptake and by enzymatic breakdown

Section Summary
Neurotransmitter Receptors and econd-Messenger Systems

There are two major families of neurotransmitter receptors
Second messengers work by activating specific protein kinases in a cell
Tyrosine kinase receptors mediate the effects of neurotrophic factors

Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission
Section Summary
The Endocrine System

Endocrine glands can secrete multiple hormones
Mechanisms of hormone action vary
Why is the endocrine system important to pharmacologists?

Section Summary
Recommended Readings
Box 3.1. The Cutting Edge: Just Say NO
Box 3.2. Pharmacology in Action: Stress, Glucocorticoids, and Psychostimulants

4. Methods of Research in Neurobehavioral Pharmacology

Techniques in Neuropharmacology

Multiple Neurobiological Techniques for Assessing the CNS

Stereotaxic surgery is needed for accurate in vivo measures of brain function
Neurotransmitters, receptors, and other proteins can be both quantified and visually located in the CNS
New tools are used for imaging the structure and function of the brain
Genetic engineering helps neuroscientists to ask and answer new questions

Section Summary

Techniques in Behavioral Pharmacology

Evaluating Animal Behavior

Animal testing needs to be valid and reliable to produce useful information
A wide variety of behaviors are evaluated by psychopharmacologists
Operant conditioning techniques provide a sensitive measure of drug effects

Section Summary
Recommended Readings
BOX 4.1. The Cutting Edge: Using the Techniques of Neuropsychopharmacology
BOX 4.2. Clinical Applications: Drug Development and Testing

5. Catecholamines

Catecholamine Synthesis, Release, and Inactivation

Tyrosine hydroxylase catalyzes the rate-limiting step in catecholamine synthesis
Catecholamines are stored in and released from synaptic vesicles
Catecholamine inactivation occurs through a combination of reuptake and metabolism

Section Summary
Organization and Function of the Dopaminergic System

Two important dopaminergic cell groups are found in the midbrain
There are five main subtypes of dopamine receptors organized into D₁- and D₂-like families
Dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists affect locomotor activity and other behavioral functions
Section Summary

Organization and Function of the Noradrenergic System

The ascending noradrenergic system originates in the locus coeruleus
The cellular effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine are mediated by į- and ā-adrenergic receptors
Adrenergic agonists can stimulate arousal and eating behavior
A number of medications work by stimulating or inhibiting peripheral adrenergic receptors

Section Summary
Recommended Readings
BOX 5.1. Clinical Applications: Parkinson’s Disease—A “Radical” Death of Dopaminergic Neurons?
BOX 5.2. The Cutting Edge: Using “Gene Knockout” Animals to Study the Dopaminergic System

6. Acetylcholine and Serotonin

Acetylcholine

Acetylcholine Synthesis, Release, and Inactivation

Acetylcholine synthesis is catalyzed by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase
Many different drugs and toxins can alter acetylcholine storage and release
Acetylcholinesterase is responsible for acetylcholine breakdown

Section Summary
Organization and Function of the Cholinergic System

Cholinergic neurons play a key role in the functioning of both the peripheral and central nervous systems
There are two acetylcholine receptor subtypes, nicotinic and muscarinic

Section Summary

Serotonin

Serotonin Synthesis, Release, and Inactivation

Serotonin synthesis is regulated by the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase and by the availability of the serotonin precursor tryptophan
The processes that regulate storage, release, and inactivation are similar for serotonin and the catecholamines

Section Summary
Organization and Function of the Serotonergic System

The serotonergic system originates from cell bodies in the brain stem and projects to all forebrain areas
There is a large family of serotonin receptors, most of which are metabotropic

Section Summary
Recommended Readings
BOX 6.1. Pharmacology in Action: Botulinum Toxin—Deadly Poison, Therapeutic Remedy, and Cosmetic Aid
BOX 6.2. Clinical Applications: Alzheimer’s Disease—A Tale of Two Proteins
BOX 6.3. Pharmacology in Action: Fen–Phen and the Fight against Fat

7. Glutamate and GABA

Glutamate

Glutamate Synthesis, Release, and Inactivation

Neurons generate glutamate from the precursor glutamine
Glutamate is released from vesicles and removed from the synaptic cleft by both neuronal and glial transport systems

Section Summary
Organization and Function of the Glutamatergic System

Glutamate is the neurotransmitter used in many excitatory pathways in the brain
Both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors mediate the synaptic effects of glutamate
NMDA receptors play a key role in learning and memory
High levels of glutamate can be toxic to nerve cells

Section Summary

GABA

GABA Synthesis, Release, and Inactivation

GABA is synthesized by the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase
Specific transporter proteins are used to transport GABA into synaptic vesicles and nerve terminals following release

Section Summary
Organization and Function of the GABAergic System
Some GABAergic neurons are interneurons, while others are projection neurons
The actions of GABA are mediated by ionotropic GABAA receptors and metabotropic GABAB receptors
Section Summary
Recommended Readings
BOX 7.1. The Cutting Edge: Role of Glutamate Receptors in Long-Term Potentiation
BOX 7.2. Pharmacology in Action: What Is the Endogenous Ligand for the Benzodiazepine Receptor?

8. Drug Abuse, Dependence, and Addiction

Introduction to Drug Abuse and Addiction

Drugs of abuse are widely consumed in our society
Drug use in our society has increased and become more heavily regulated over time

Features of Drug Abuse and Dependence

Drug addiction is a chronic, relapsing behavioral disorder
There are two types of progressions in drug use
Which drugs are the most addictive?

Section Summary
Models of Drug Abuse and Dependence

The physical dependence model emphasizes the withdrawal symptoms associated with drug abstinence
The positive reinforcement model is based on the rewarding and reinforcing effects of abused drugs
Two recent approaches to drug addiction are the incentive-sensitization and opponent-process models
The disease model treats addiction as a medical disorder

Toward a Comprehensive Model of Drug Abuse and Dependence

Three types of factors are involved in experimental substance use
Different factors are involved in the development and maintenance of compulsive substance use

Section Summary
BOX 8.1. Concepts in Pharmacology: The “Gateway” Theory of Drug Use
BOX 8.2. The Cutting Edge: Drugs of Abuse and the Neural Mechanisms of Reward

9. Alcohol

Psychopharmacology of Alcohol

Alcohol has a long history of use
What is an alcohol and where does it come from?
The pharmacokinetics of alcohol determine its bioavailability
Chronic alcohol use leads to both tolerance and physical dependence
Alcohol affects many organ systems

Section Summary
Neurochemical Effects of Alcohol

Animal models are vital to alcohol research
Alcohol acts on multiple neurotransmitters

Section Summary
Alcoholism

Defining alcoholism and estimating its incidence prove difficult
The causes of alcoholism are multimodal
Multiple treatment options provide hope for rehabilitation

Section Summary
BOX 9.1. Clinical Applications: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
BOX 9.2. Pharmacology in Action: The Role of Expectation in Alcohol-Enhanced Human Sexual Response
BOX 9.3. Drugs and Society: Alcohol and Aggression

10. The Opiates

Narcotic Analgesics

The opium poppy has a long history of use
Minor differences in molecular structure determine behavioral effects
Bioavailability predicts both physiological and behavioral effects
Opioids have their most important effects on the CNS and on the gastrointestinal tract

Opioid Receptors and Endogenous Neuropeptides

Receptor binding studies identified and localized opioid receptors
Three major opioid receptor subtypes exist
Several families of naturally occurring opioid peptides bind to these receptors
Opiate receptor-mediated cellular changes are inhibitory

Section Summary
Opioids and Pain

The two components of pain have distinct features
Opioids inhibit pain transmission at spinal and supraspinal levels

Opioid Reinforcement, Tolerance, and Dependence

Animal testing shows significant reinforcing properties
Dopaminergic and nondopaminergic components contribute to opioid reinforcement
The consequences of long-term opiate use include tolerance, sensitization, and dependence
Several brain areas contribute to the opioid abstinence syndrome
Neurobiological adaptation and rebound constitute tolerance and withdrawal
Environmental cues have a role in tolerance, drug abuse, and relapse

Treatment Programs for Opiate Addiction

Detoxification is the first step in the therapeutic process
Treatment programs rely on pharmacological support and counseling

Section Summary
BOX 10.1. Pharmacology in Action: Opiate Bioassay
BOX 10.2. The Cutting Edge: Role of NMDA Receptors in Tolerance and Dependence
BOX 10.3. Clinical Applications: Narcotics Anonymous

11. Psychomotor Stimulants: Cocaine and the Amphetamines

Cocaine

Background and History
Basic Pharmacology of Cocaine
Mechanisms of Cocaine Action
Section Summary
Acute Behavioral and Physiological Effects of Cocaine

Cocaine stimulates mood and behavior
Cocaine’s physiological effects are mediated by the sympathetic nervous system
Dopamine plays a key role in the subjective and behavioral effects of cocaine and other psychostimulants
Brain imaging allows researchers to explore the neural mechanisms of psychostimulant action in human subjects
The behavioral and subjective effects of psychostimulants involve activation of both D1 and D2 receptors

Section Summary
Cocaine Abuse and the Effects of Chronic Cocaine Exposure

Experimental cocaine use may escalate over time to a pattern of cocaine abuse and dependence
Chronic psychostimulant exposure can give rise to tolerance or sensitization
Binge cocaine use has been linked to a specific dependence syndrome
Repeated or high-dose cocaine use can have serious health consequences
Pharmacological, behavioral, and psychosocial methods are used to treat cocaine abuse and dependence

Section Summary

The Amphetamines

Background and History
Basic Pharmacology of Amphetamine
Mechanisms of Amphetamine Action
Behavioral and Neural Effects of Amphetamine

Amphetamine is a psychostimulant that has therapeutic uses
High doses or chronic use of amphetamine or methamphetamine can cause psychotic reactions as well as brain damage

MDMA—The Entactogenic Amphetamine
Section Summary
Recommended Readings
BOX 11.1. Pharmacology in Action: Your Brain on Cocaine
BOX 11.2. Clinical Applications: Psychostimulants and ADHD

12. Nicotine and Caffeine

Nicotine

Background and History
Basic Pharmacology of Nicotine and Its Relationship to Smoking
Mechanisms of Action
Section Summary
Behavioral and Physiological Effects

Nicotine elicits different mood changes in smokers compared to nonsmokers
Nicotine enhances cognitive function
Nicotine’s reinforcing effects are mediated by activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system
Nicotine produces a wide range of physiological effects
Nicotine is a toxic substance that can be fatal at high doses
Chronic exposure to nicotine induces tolerance and dependence

Section Summary
Cigarette Smoking

How many people smoke, and who are they?
Cigarette smokers progress through a series of stages in their smoking behavior
Why do smokers smoke?
Smoking is a major cause of illness and premature death
Behavioral and pharmacological strategies are used to treat tobacco dependence

Section Summary

Caffeine

Background
Basic Pharmacology of Caffeine
Behavioral and Physiological Effects

Acute subjective and behavioral effects of caffeine are dependent on dose and prior exposure
Regular caffeine use leads to tolerance and dependence

Mechanisms of Action
Section Summary
BOX 12.1. Pharmacology in Action: Why Do Tobacco Plants Make Nicotine?
BOX 12.2. The Cutting Edge: Is Caffeine a Substance of Abuse?

13. Marijuana and the Cannabinoids

Background and History of Marijuana
Basic Pharmacology of Marijuana
Section Summary
Mechanisms of Action

Cannabinoid effects are mediated by cannabinoid receptors
Endocannabinoids are cannabinoid agonists synthesized by the brain

Section Summary
Acute Behavioral and Physiological Effects of Cannabinoids

Cannabis consumption produces a dose-dependent state of intoxication in humans
Marijuana use can lead to deficits in cognition and psychomotor performance
Animals show a variety of behavioral and physiological responses to cannabinoid administration
Cannabinoids are reinforcing to both humans and animals

Section Summary
Cannabis Abuse and the Effects of Chronic Cannabis Exposure

Cannabis use typically begins in adolescence and peaks during young adulthood
Tolerance and dependence can develop to chronic cannabinoid exposure
Chronic cannabis use may lead to adverse behavioral and health effects

Section Summary
BOX 13.1. Clinical Applications: Therapeutic Uses of Cannabinoids
BOX 13.2. The Cutting Edge: Does Chronic Cannabis Use Cause Persistent Cognitive Defects?

14. Hallucinogens, PCP, and Ketamine

Hallucinogenic Drugs

Mescaline

Mescaline is obtained from the peyote cactus

Psilocybin, DMT, and 5-MeO-DMT

“Magic mushrooms” are the source of psilocybin and other hallucinogens
Other naturally occurring hallucinogens include DMT and 5-MeO-DMT

LSD is a synthetic compound based on ergot alkaloids

Pharmacology of Hallucinogenic Drugs

Different hallucinogenic drugs vary in potency but have a similar time course of action
Hallucinogens produce a complex set of psychological and physiological responses
Hallucinogenic drugs share a common indoleamine or phenethylamine structure
Hallucinogens are 5-HT₂ receptor agonists
What is the neural mechanism by which hallucinations are produced?
Hallucinogenic drugs cause problems for some users

Section Summary

PCP and Ketamine

Background and History

Pharmacology of PCP and Ketamine
PCP and ketamine produce a state of dissociation
PCP and ketamine exhibit potent reinforcing effects
PCP and ketamine are noncompetitive antagonists of NMDA receptors
Ketamine is an increasingly popular drug of abuse
PCP and ketamine have provided new insights into the neurochemistry of schizophrenia

Section Summary
Pharmacology of PCP and Ketamine
BOX 14.1. History of Psychopharmacology: The Discovery of LSD
BOX 14.2. Pharmacology in Action: Getting High on Cough Syrup

15. Inhalants, GHB, and Anabolic–Androgenic Steroids

Inhalants

Background
Behavioral and Neural Effects

Many inhalant effects are similar to alcohol intoxication
Reinforcing effects have been demonstrated in animals
Inhalants reduce central nervous system (CNS) excitability by acting on specific ionotropic receptors
Significant health risks are associated with inhalant abuse

Section Summary

Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate

Background
Behavioral and Neural Effects

GHB is a CNS-depressant and behaviorally sedating drug
Evidence for GHB reinforcement in animal studies has been inconsistent
There are two major hypotheses concerning the mechanism of action of GHB
GHB use and abuse has been growing

Section Summary

Anabolic–Androgenic Steroids

Background and History

Anabolic steroids are structurally related to testosterone
Anabolic steroids were developed to help build muscle mass and enhance athletic performance
Anabolic steroids are taken in specific patterns and combinations

Pharmacology of Anabolic Steroids

The mechanism of action of anabolic steroids is not fully understood
Many adverse side effects are associated with anabolic steroid use
Do anabolic steroids cause dependence?

Section Summary
BOX 15.1. Drugs and Society: “Date Rape” Drugs
BOX 15.2. Drugs and Society: Anabolic Steroids and “’Roid Rage”

16. Affective Disorders

Characteristics of Affective Disorders

Major depression damages the quality of life
In bipolar disorder moods alternate from mania to depression
Risk factors for mood disorders are biological and environmental

Animal Models of Depression
Therapies for Affective Disorders

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors are the oldest antidepressant drugs
Tricyclic antidepressants are highly effective
Second-generation antidepressants have different side effects
Third-generation antidepressants have distinctive mechanisms of action
Electroconvulsive therapy is safe and highly effective
Transcranial magnetic stimulation is easy to administer
Drugs for treating bipolar disorder stabilize the highs and the lows

Section Summary
Neurochemical Basis of Mood Disorders

Serotonin dysfunction contributes to mood disorders
Norepinephrine activity is altered by antidepressants
Norepinephrine and serotonin modulate one another

Section Summary
Neurobiological Models of Depression
Section Summary
Recommended Readings
BOX 16.1. Drugs and Society: Mood Disorders and Creativity
BOX 16.2. Clinical Applications: Sleep Deprivation Therapy
BOX 16.3. Pharmacology in Action: Stress–Diathesis Model of Depression

17. Anxiety Disorders

Characteristics of Anxiety Disorders

Anxiety is important for survival
Anxiety disorders are different from everyday worry
Animal models of anxiety are useful for drug testing

Drugs for Treating Anxiety

Barbiturates are the oldest sedative hypnotics
Benzodiazepines are highly effective for anxiety reduction
Second-generation anxiolytics produce distinctive clinical effects
Antidepressants relieve anxiety and depression

Section Summary
Neurochemical Basis of Anxiety and Anxiolytics

Multiple neurotransmitters mediate anxiety

Section Summary
Recommended Readings
BOX 17.1. Clinical Applications: Neurobiological Model of OCD
BOX 17.2. Clinical Applications: Treating Insomnia
BOX 17.3. Pharmacology in Action: Early Experience and Stress

18. Schizophrenia

Characteristics of Schizophrenia

There is no defining cluster of schizophrenic symptoms
Long-term outcome depends on pharmacological treatment

Preclinical Models of Schizophrenia
Classic Neuroleptics and Atypical Antipsychotics

Phenothiazines and butyrophenones are traditional neuroleptics
Dopamine receptor antagonism is responsible for antipsychotic action
Side effects are directly related to neurochemical action
Atypical antipsychotics are distinctive in several ways

Section Summary
Etiology of Schizophrenia

Abnormalities of brain structure and function occur in individuals with schizophrenia
Genetic, environmental, and developmental factors interact

Neurochemical Models of Schizophrenia

Abnormal dopamine function contributes to schizophrenic symptoms
The neurodevelopmental model integrates anatomical and neurochemical evidence
Glutamate modulates dopamine activity
Other neurotransmitter systems contribute to symptoms

Section Summary
Recommended Readings
BOX 18.1. Clinical Applications: The Functional Neuroanatomy of Hallucinations
BOX 18.2. Pharmacology in Action: Animal Model—Prepulse Inhibition of Startle
BOX 18.3. Clinical Applications: The Genain Quadruplets

Media and Supplements

Instructor's Resource CD

Visit the sample page for sample IRCD images.

Available to qualified adopters of the textbook, the Psychopharmacology Instructor's Resource CD (ISBN 0-87893-535-5) contains all of the figures (art and photos) and tables from the textbook. All are provided both as high-resolution and low-resolution JPEG images, and have been formatted, sized, and color-corrected for optimal image quality when projected in the classroom. In addition, a ready-to-use Microsoft^® PowerPoint^® presentation of all figures and tables is provided for each chapter of the textbook. These resources are ideal for use in lecture presentations, course websites, or any other course-related resource.

Test Bank

by Beth Powell, Smith College, and Shelly Dickinson, St. Olaf College

Included on the Instructor's Resource CD, the Psychopharmacology Test Bank includes 50 test questions per chapter, consisting of approximately 40 multiple choice, and 10 short answer. The questions have been designed to provide instructors with a good selection of factual and conceptual questions, at a range of difficulty levels. The test bank is provided as Microsoft Word^® files.

If you have adopted this text for course use (within the U.S., Canada, or the Caribbean) and are interested in the instructor's supplements that accompany the text, please contact Linda VandenDolder, vandendolder@sinauer.com. Outside the U.S., Canada, or the Caribbean? Check our ordering page for your local distributor.

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