Chapter 11 Outline

Pregnancy and Childbirth Raise Major Health Concerns

Study questions: 1

Pregnancy Is Confirmed by Hormonal Tests

Study questions: 2 | 3

The Likelihood of Pregnancy Can Be Maximized by Tracking Ovulation

Study questions: 4 | 5 | 6

Infertility Can Result from a Problem in the Woman or in the Man

• A Variety of Factors Can Reduce Sperm Counts
• Box 11.1: Research Highlights: Are Sperm Counts Declining?
• In Vitro Fertilization Can Circumvent Many Sperm Problems
• Sperm Can Be Donated
• Abnormalities of the Female Reproductive Tract May Reduce Fertility
• Failure to Ovulate Can Be Dealt with by Drugs or by Oocyte Donation
• Box 11.2: Society, Values, and the Law: Designer Gametes
• Surrogate Mothers Bear a Child for Someone Else
• Adoption Is Limited by the Supply of Healthy Infants
• Fertility Declines With Age

Study questions: 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26

Many Embryos Do Not Survive

• Rh Factor Incompatibility Can Threaten Second Pregnancies
• Ectopic Pregnancy Can Endanger the Mother’s Life

Study questions: 27 | 28 | 29

Pregnancy Is Conventionally Divided into Three Trimesters

• The Fetus Secretes Sex Hormones to Sustain Pregnancy
• Women May Experience Troublesome Symptoms during Early Pregnancy
• Prenatal Care Provides Health Screening, Education, and Support
• Adequate Nutrition Is Vital to a Successful Pregnancy
• Tobacco, Alcohol, Drugs, and Radiation Can Harm the Fetus

Study questions: 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42

The Second Trimester Is the Easiest

• Tests Can Detect Fetal Abnormalities
• Box 11.3: Society, Values, and the Law: Choosing Children’s Sex
• Sex during Pregnancy Is Healthy
• Moderate Exercise during Pregnancy Is Beneficial

Study questions: 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 49 | 50 | 51

The Third Trimester Is a Time of Preparation

• A Hospital Is the Best Location for Childbirth if Complications Are Foreseen
• Childbirth Classes Prepare Parents for Birth
• The Fetus Also Makes Preparations for Birth

Study questions: 52 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 56 | 57

Labor Has Three Stages

• Animal Studies Suggest that the Fetus Issues the Signal For Parturition
• The First Stage of Labor Is Marked by Uterine Contractions and Cervical Dilation
• Delivery Is Accomplished by Uterine Contractions Aided by “Bearing Down”
• The Newborn Child Adapts Quickly
• The Third Stage Is the Expulsion of the Placenta
• Box 11.4: Sexual Health: Cesarean Section
• Premature and Delayed Births Are Hazardous
• Box 11.5: Sex in History: The Blackout Babies

Study questions: 58 | 59 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 64 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 68 | 69 | 70 | 71

The Period after Birth Places Many Demands on Parents

• Postpartum Depression May Be Accompanied by Disordered Thinking
• Childbirth and Parenthood Affect Sexuality

Study questions: 72 | 73 | 74

Breast-Feeding Is the Preferred Method of Nourishing the Infant

• Lactation Is Orchestrated by Hormones
• The Content of Breast Milk Changes over Time
• Infant Formula Is an Alternative to Breast Milk
• Breast-Feeding Has Many Advantages and Some Drawbacks

Study questions: 75 | 76 | 77 | 78 | 79 | 80 | 81 | 82

Biological Mechanisms May Contribute to Maternal Behavior

Study questions: 83